鼻扁平上翹 眼外凸 肚大 赤腳 外套破爛蘇格拉底(Socrates 470~399BC)
Alcibiades 450-404BC
鼻扁平上翹 眼外凸 肚大 赤腳 外套破爛
英勇的戰士 雅典最有智慧的人 自制 正直 哲學家 a thinker who has only questions, not answers
"The unexamined life is not worthy of a human being" 「未經審視的生命是配不起人類的」。
出生 雅典的Alopece部落 父 石匠 Sophroniscus 母 助產士 Phaenarete [Socrates in Love]
Xanthippe(克桑蒂貝) 蘇格拉底的第二任老婆 妻子 (1)Mytro 是Aristides(530-468BC)的女兒 孩子Menexenus Sophroniscus (2)克桑貝蒂(Xanthippe) 孩子 Lamprocles
What is love？ 416BC‘The one thing I actually know about,’ says Socrates, ‘is love.’¹反諷(irony)？
Socrates can only have met Xanthippe when he was in his fifties, and perhaps no earlier than 416 BC.
At that date she will have been no older than twenty, since she was carrying the infant Lamprocles in her arms at the time ofSocrates’ death seventeen years later
[The Secrets of Socritus Quatos &Philosophy]
For better or worse, our Socrates is Plato's Socrates. Diskin Clay
None of you really knows Socrates. Alcibiades in Plato's Symposium
Know Yourself. Motto written on the Temple of Apollo at Delphi
The unexamined life is not worth living by a human being. Socrates in Plato's Apology
What is justice ，goodness？What do we actually know? What is the goal of education? What is the meaning of courage?
How should human beings aim to live? What does love really mean?
學生 色諾芬 (Xenophon 430-354 BC) 阿里斯托芬(Aristophanes 446-386 BC) 喜劇Comedy
戰役中救了 Alcibiades (450~404BC)
參戰 1.Potidaea 432BC 2.Delium撤退 3.Amphipolis 422BC 4.Peloponnesian
面對戰爭的失敗 雅典的衰落 混亂 自比為" 牛虻 "
[蘇格拉底的對話(dialogue)] [The Apology of Socrates]---plato著
蘇格拉底就相信占卜和求神諭能夠通神，相信神通過人的占卜給人啟示。
神諭對希臘人的生活有著廣泛影響。嫁娶求子、祛病免災、經商旅行，尤其是海外殖民、戰爭媾和、外交結盟等城邦大事，希臘人都會求神諭。
大約在伯羅奔尼撒戰爭爆發前後，蘇格拉底的朋友凱勒豐(Chaerephon)去德爾斐神廟求問：是否有人比蘇格拉底更有智慧？
得到的神諭是沒有人比蘇格拉底更有智慧。
蘇格拉底說：「我聽到這神諭後，心裏反覆地想：『神的話暗含著什麼意思？這是怎樣的一個謎？我意識到自己並不智慧，他說我最有智慧，這究竟是什麼意思？當然，他不會說謊，那不是他的做法。』」
(《申辯》21b)蘇格拉底在很長時間裏都對這神諭感到很困惑。他的困惑不是基於對神諭的懷疑，相反是基於對神諭的確信，如果他懷疑神諭的真實性，只相信自己對自己的判斷，那他就不會感到困惑了。
色諾芬回憶說，蘇格拉底常常在家中獻祭，也常常在城邦的公共祭壇上獻祭，這是人所共睹的。
在如何祭神以及如何敬拜祖先方面，蘇格拉底的言行與阿波羅神廟的女祭司發出的神諭是完全一致的。
蘇格拉底與雅典民主的衝突
TimeLine
500 Democracy in Athens following Cleisthenes’ reforms of 508.
490 Greco-Persian Wars: Darius’s army defeated at the Battle of Marathon.
480 Greco-Persian Wars: Xerxes’ fleet defeated at Battle of Salamis.
470 ~Birth of Aspasia.
469 Birth of Socrates.
460 Pericles leads Athens after the ostracism of Kimon in 461. Hostilities between Athens and Sparta: ‘First Peloponnesian War’.
~455 Pericles divorces his wife Deinomache.
~451 Birth of Alcibiades. Socrates visits Samos with Archelaus.
450 ~Aspasia arrives in Athens with her father-in-law Axiochus.
447 Battle of Coronea: ~Socrates’ earliest military service. Death of Cleinias, father of Alcibiades.
~445 Pericles and Aspasia living together.
440 Pericles’ campaign to subjugate Samos (440–439).
432 Socrates saves Alcibiades’ life at Battle of Potidaea.
430 The Peloponnesian War (431–404) enters its second year. Socrates and Alcibiades on military service in northern Greece.
429 Death of Pericles from plague. Aspasia marries Lysicles.
424 Socrates retreats(撤退) at the Battle of Delium.
423 Aristophanes’ Clouds performed, with Socrates present.
421 Aristophanes’ comedy Peace. Peace of Nicias struck with Sparta.
420 Alcibiades in politics. Socrates in Xenophon’s Symposium.
416 Agathon wins prize for tragedy. Socrates depicted in Plato’s Symposium.
415–413 Sicilian Expedition; Alcibiades in exile(流亡) from Athens.
410 Democracy restored after oligarchic coup (‘the Four Hundred’) of 411.
406 Socrates on Council argues against massexecution of generals.
404 Spartan victory in Peloponnesian War. Thirty Tyrants in Athens. Socrates refuses to arrest(逮捕) Leon of Salamis.
403 Democracy restored in Athens.
400
399 Trial and execution of Socrates.